Error-Correcting Encoding Apparatus

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for encoding source data, that includes a first encoder configured to encode the source data to produce first additional data; and a randomizing unit configured to randomize the source data to produce randomized data; and a second encoder configured to encode the randomized data to produce second additional data; and a selector configured to select a number of bits from the first and second additional data to produce first selected data and second selected data, wherein the number of selected bits is selected based upon a data length of an output sequence determined by a transmission frame format, and wherein the data length of the output sequence is variable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an encoding apparatus, and morespecifically to an error-correcting encoding apparatus.

Encoding technology is widely utilized in various fields. For example,in transmitting data, a source apparatus encodes data to be transmittedand sends the encoded data through a communications path so that adestination apparatus receives and decodes the encoded data. When datais stored in a storage device, it is encoded and written to a disk, etc.The encoded data is then decoded after being read from the disk.Encoding normally refers to converting a data sequence from aninformation source into a different data sequence, and thus the new datasequence obtained by the conversion is referred to as a code.

When encoded data is transmitted, an error may occur in the transmissionpath. An error may also occur when the encoded data is read forreproduction from a storage device that stores the encoded data. Todetect an occurrence of such an error, or to correct such an error, anerror-correcting code is frequently used.

A convolutional code is known as one type of error-correcting code. Eachtime n-bits of data is input for processing a convolutional code. Dataof m (m>n) bits is then determined depending on the n-bit data and s-bitdata, which is input immediately before the n-bit data is output. Thus,in processing the convolutional code, data of (m−n) bits is added forerror correction to the data to be transmitted. As a result, theredundancy of the data is increased, thereby reducing the decoding errorrate when the data is decoded.

The ratio of the amount of data to be transmitted (number of bits ofsource data) to the amount of data obtained by the encoding process(number of bits of output data) is commonly referred to as an encodingrate (or an information rate) R, and is represented by the followingequation.

R=n/m

The encoding rate R is always lower than 1 in an error-correcting code.Generally, the encoding rate R is one of the parameters for determiningthe error correction capability. For example, the lower the encodingrate R is, the higher the error correction capability becomes.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing an example of an existingerror-correcting encoding apparatus using a convolutional code. Theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 500 includes two convolution units501, 502 provided in parallel with each other. An encoding apparatusincluding plural convolution units connected in parallel with each otherare often referred to as a “turbo-encoding apparatus”.

The error-correcting encoding apparatus 500 generates, for source datad, a data sequence x and parity data sequences y1,y2 for correcting thedata sequence x. The data sequence x and the parity data sequences y1,y2are then multiplexed and output. This output is the encoded data of thesource data d. Described below is the operation performed when N-bits ofsource data d is encoded.

The source data d is output as the data sequence x as is, and is alsotransmitted to the convolution unit 501 and an interleaver 503. Theconvolution unit 501 performs a convolutional encoding process on thesource data d and outputs the parity data sequence y1. The interleaver503 temporarily stores the source data d and, then reads and outputs thestored source data in an order different from the input order. Thus, thesource data d is randomized. The output from the interleaver 503 is thenprovided to the convolution unit 502. The convolution unit 502 alsoperforms a convolutional encoding process on the output from theinterleaver 503, and outputs the parity data sequence y2.

In the above described operations, the error-correcting encodingapparatus 500 generates an N-bit data sequence x, an N-bit parity datasequence y1, and an n-bit parity data sequence y2 for N-bits of sourcedata d. The data sequence x and parity data sequences y1,y2 are, forexample, multiplexed for each bit and output as the encoded data.Therefore, in this case, the error-correcting encoding apparatus 500outputs 3×N bits of data for every N-bits input. As a result, theencoding rate R is ⅓.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing an example of a variation of theerror-correcting encoding apparatus shown in FIG. 20. Theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 510 is realized by providing aselection unit 511 for the error-correcting encoding apparatus 500 shownin FIG. 20. According to a predetermined selection pattern, theselection unit 511 selects the parity data sequences y1, y2 respectivelygenerated by the convolutional units 501, 502, and outputs it as aparity data sequence Z. The operation of the selection unit 511 isreferred to as a “puncturing” process.

The selection unit 511 alternately selects one bit from the outputs ofthe convolution units 501, 502. Table 1 shows the output sequence Zproduced by the selection unit 511. In Table 1, y1(i) indicates theoutput from the convolutional unit 501 corresponding to the i-th dataelement of the source data d, and y2 (i) indicates the output from theconvolution unit 502 corresponding to the i-th data element of thesource data d. When N-bits of source data d is input to theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 510, the selection unit 511 outputsa N-bit output sequence Z (y1(1), y2(2), y1(3), y2(4), . . . , y1(N−1),y2(N)).

y₁(1) y₁(3) ... y₁(N − 1) y₂(2) y₂(4) ... y₂(N)

The puncturing operation performed by the selection unit 511 isrepresented by the following equation.

$\begin{matrix}{Z = {D \cdot P}} \\{{= \begin{matrix}{y\; 1(i)} & {y\; 2(i)} & 1 & 0\end{matrix}}\mspace{31mu} \begin{matrix}\underset{({{i = 1},\; 3,\; 5,\; \ldots \mspace{14mu},\; {N - 1}})}{\begin{matrix}{{y\; 1\left( {i + 1} \right)}\mspace{11mu}} & {y\; 2\left( {i + 1} \right)}\end{matrix}} & 0 & 1\end{matrix}}\end{matrix}$

The output sequence Z is obtained by multiplying the data matrix D bythe puncturing matrix P. For example, for the i-th data element of thesource data d, y1(i) is obtained by multiplying the first row of thedata matrix D by the first column of the puncturing matrix P. For the(i+1) the data element of the source data d, y1(i+1) is obtained bymultiplying the second row of the data matrix D by the second column ofthe puncturing matrix P. Therefore, the operation of the selection unit511 for alternately selecting the outputs of the convolution units 501,502 bit by bit is represented as an operation of repeatedly performingthe above described arithmetic operations.

With the above described configuration, the error-correcting encodingapparatus 510 generates an N-bit data sequence x and an N-bit paritydata sequence Z for N-bits of source data d. The data sequence x and theparity data sequence Z are multiplexed bit by bit, and then output asencoded data. Since the error-correcting encoding apparatus 510 outputs2N bits of data for every N-bits input, the encoding rate R is ½.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,747 discloses in detail the above describederror-correcting encoding apparatus shown in FIGS. 20 and 21.

In mobile terminal communications systems, it is required to optionallyset the data length M of an output sequence from an encoding apparatusin relation to the data length N (number of bits) of source data d. Forexample, voice data, etc. is normally divided into data having apredetermined data length, and is then transmitted after being stored ina frame having a predetermined data length. Thus, when encoded data isprocessed in a mobile terminal communications system, voice data, etc.is divided into data having a predetermined data length, encoded andthen stored in a frame.

However, the encoding rate R of the conventional error-correctingencoding apparatus shown in FIG. 20 or 21 is fixed. Therefore, since thedata has a predetermined fixed length (the frame in the above-describedexample), useless information has to be stored to fill the data storagearea of the frame.

FIG. 22A shows the process for encoding source data using theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 500 shown in FIG. 20 and storing theencoded data in a frame of a fixed length. In this example, the sourcedata d occupies 333 bits, and the data storage area for a frame occupies1500 bits. In this case, the error-correcting encoding apparatus 500generates a 333-bit data sequence x, a 333-bit parity data sequence y1,and a 333-bit parity data sequence y2. Thus, to fill the data storagearea of a frame, a 501-bit dummy data is required to be stored in theframe, as shown in FIG. 22B. If the frame is transmitted through anetwork, useless data is transmitted, thereby wasting network resources.

FIG. 23A shows the process of encoding source data using theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 510 shown in FIG. 21 and storing theencoded data in a frame of a fixed length. In this example, the sourcedata d occupies 666 bits, and the data storage area of a frame occupies1500 bits. In this case, the selection unit 511 generates a parity datasequence Z from the parity data sequences y1, y2 in the puncturingprocess. Therefore, the error-correcting encoding apparatus 510generates a 666-bit data sequence x, a 666-bit parity data sequence Z.As a result, to fill the data storage area of a frame, a 168-bit dummydata is stored in the frame as shown in FIG. 23B. Therefore, uselessdata is transmitted as shown in FIG. 22.

Thus, the encoding rate of the conventional error-correcting encodingapparatus having a plurality of convolution units provided in parallelwith each other cannot be set to a desired value. Therefore, the sourcedata is encoded and stored in a predetermined frame with poorefficiency.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to obtain a desired encoding ratein an error-correcting encoding apparatus provided with a plurality ofconvolution units mounted in parallel with each other.

These and other objects are met by an error-correcting encodingapparatus according to the present invention that includes a pluralityof convolution units mounted in parallel with each other. Arandomization unit is also included for randomizing the source data sothat different data sequences are provided for the plurality ofconvolution units. A selection unit that selects a data element in theoutput from a corresponding convolution unit according to selectioninformation. The selection information indicates whether or not a dataelement in each output of the plurality of convolution units is to beselected, and has a data length equal to the data length of each outputfrom the plurality of convolution units. Further, an output unit isincluded that outputs the source data and a data element selected by theselection unit.

In this configuration, each convolution unit generates a data elementfor correction of the source data. The selection unit outputs a dataelement according to the selection information from the data elementsgenerated by the plurality of convolution units. As a result, the numberof bits of the encoded data output of the output unit depends on theabove described selection information. Therefore, a desired encodingrate can be obtained according to the selection information.

The error-correcting encoding apparatus according to another embodimentof the present invention includes a duplication unit that duplicates apredetermined number of data elements in the source data according to arequested encoding rate. Further, an encoding circuit is provided with aplurality of convolution units connected in parallel with each other,for encoding the source data.

In the above described configuration, the ratio of the data length ofthe source data to the data length of the output data from the encodingcircuit is altered by changing the time the data elements areduplicated. Thus, the encoding rate is changed. If the data elements areduplicated, the decoding characteristic is improved.

Another error-correcting encoding apparatus according to the presentinvention includes an insertion unit for inserting a predeterminednumber of dummy bits into the source data according to the requestedencoding rate. Further, an encoding circuit is provided with a pluralityof convolution circuits mounted in parallel with each other, forencoding the source data into which the dummy bits are inserted by theinsertion unit.

In the above described configuration, the ratio of the data length ofthe source data to the data length of the output data from the encodingcircuit is altered. When a predetermined dummy bit (for example, 1) isinserted, a decoding characteristic is improved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a mobilecommunication system including the error-correcting encoding apparatusaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a storage device including theerror-correcting encoding apparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an error-correcting encoding apparatusaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the puncturing unit;

FIG. 5 is an example of a puncturing table;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the puncturing process;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the multiplexing unit;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the decoding device;

FIG. 9 shows depuncturing unit;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of the depuncturing process;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an example of the decoding devicewith improved decoding precision;

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the difference in output between theerror-correcting encoding apparatus according to the present embodimentand the conventional apparatus;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing an error-correcting encodingapparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the operation performed by the bitduplication unit;

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of the operation of the bit duplication unit;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing an error-correcting encodingapparatus according to a further embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the operation performed by the dummy bitinsertion unit;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an error-correcting encoding apparatusincluding m convolution units;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram showing the error-correcting encodingapparatus not limited by organization codes;

FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing an example of an existingerror-correcting encoding apparatus using a convolutional code;

FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing an example of a variation of theerror-correcting encoding apparatus shown in FIG. 20;

FIG. 22A is a diagram showing process of encoding source data using theerror-correcting encoding apparatus shown in FIG. 20 and storing theencoded data in a frame of a fixed length;

FIG. 22B shows a type of data stored in the frame;

FIG. 23A is a diagram showing the process of encoding source data usingthe error-correcting encoding apparatus shown in FIG. 21 and storing theencoded data in a frame of a fixed length; and

FIG. 23B shows a type of data stored in the frame.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The error-correcting encoding apparatus according to the presentinvention is applicable to various fields, for example, a communicationsystem and a data storage device.

FIG. 1 shows a mobile communications system to which theerror-correcting encoding apparatus according to the present inventionis applied. The wireless system, for example, can be a CDMA system. Ascan be seen, a base station 10 includes an encoder 11 for encoding data(data A) to be transmitted to a mobile station 20. The base station 10also includes a modulator 12 included for modulating the encoded dataand a transmitter 13 for transmitting the modulated data.

A wireless signal transmitted from the base station 10 is received by areceiver 21 of the mobile station 20, demodulated by a demodulator 22,and decoded by a decoder 23. The base station 10 includes a receiver 14for receiving a signal transmitted from the mobile station 20, ademodulator 15 for demodulating the received signal and a decoder 16 fordecoding the demodulated data. The mobile station 20 encodes data (dataB) to be transmitted to the base station 10 using an encoder 24,modulates the encoded data using a modulator 25, and transmits themodulated data through a transmitter 26.

In the above described communication system, the error-correctingencoding apparatus according to the present invention corresponds to theencoder 11 in the base station 10 or the encoder 24 in the mobilestation 20.

FIG. 2 shows a storage device to which the error-correcting encodingapparatus according to the present invention is applied. The storagedevice 30 includes an encoder 31 for encoding the data to be written toa data storage unit 33 and a write control unit 32 for writing theencoded data to the data storage unit 33. The data storage unit 33contains a storage medium, for example, an optical disk, magnetic disk,semiconductor memory, etc. The storage device 30 includes a read controlunit 34 for reading data from the data storage unit 33 and a decoder 35for decoding the read data.

In the above described storage medium, the error-correcting encodingapparatus according to the present embodiment corresponds to the encoder31.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an error-correcting encoding apparatusaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. The basicconfiguration of the error-correcting encoding apparatus is the same asthat of the conventional error-correcting encoding apparatus shown inFIG. 21. However, the present invention includes puncturing units 45, 46instead of selection unit 511 of the conventional error-correctingencoding apparatus shown in FIG. 21. The error-correcting encodingapparatus according to the present embodiment realizes a desiredencoding rate through a puncturing process performed by the puncturingunits 45,46. Described below are the configuration and the operations ofthe error-correcting encoding apparatus according to the presentinvention.

The error-correcting encoding apparatus 40 according to the presentinvention encodes source data u using a systematic code. In a systematiccode, data to be transmitted is separated from the data for correctingerrors (hereinafter referred to as “parity data”) when it is generatedduring the transmission of the data. Thus, when the error-correctingencoding apparatus 40 receives source data u, it adds parity data Zk tothe source data u and then transmits the encoded data. Theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 40 encodes N-bits of source data u.The error-correcting encoding apparatus 40 outputs the source data u asa data sequence Xk and the parity data as a parity data sequence Zk.

An input I/F unit 41 provides the received source data u to amultiplexing unit 47, a first convolution unit 43, and an interleaver42. The source data u provided from the input I/F unit 41 to themultiplexing unit 47 is referred to as data sequence Xk.

The interleaver 42 randomizes the input source data u. The interleaver42 contains memory for temporarily storing N-bits of source data u. TheN-bits of source data u is written bit by bit to the memory. The datawritten to the memory is read out bit by bit in an order different fromthe order in which the data is written to the memory, therebyrandomizing the source data u.

The interleaver 42 provides different and independent data sequences forthe convolution units 43 and 44. Thus, although an interleaver isprovided only before a second convolution unit 44 in FIG. 3, it can alsobe provided for both the first convolution unit 43 and the secondconvolution unit 44. In this case, the randomizing processes performedby the two interleavers would have to be different from each other.

The first convolution unit 43 performs a convoluting process on theinput source data u. The second convolution unit 44 performs aconvoluting process on the source data u randomized by the interleaver42. The first convolution unit 43 and the second convolution unit 44 mayhave the same or different configurations. In the following explanation,it is assumed that the two convolution units 43 and 44 have the sameconfiguration.

The first convolution unit 43 contains a plurality of memory units Mconnected in series with each other and one or more adders. Each memoryunit M is, for example, a flip-flop, and stores 1-bit of data. Thememory units M being serially connected to each other form part of ashift register. An adder can be, for example, an exclusive OR operationunit, a mod 2 adder, etc. With the configuration shown in FIG. 3, thefirst convolution unit 43 includes two memory units M and three adders.In this case, since the amount of data stored in the memory units Moccupy 2 bits, the constraint length is 2. Therefore, the constraintlength of the convolution unit equals the number of bits of data storedin the memory of the convolution unit.

Each time the first convolution unit 43 receives a data element of thesource data u, it outputs a data element of the parity data sequence Y1k corresponding to the received data element. The data element of theparity data sequence Y1 k is obtained as the sum of the data elementnewly input to the first convolution unit 43 and the data element storedin the memory M when the data element is input. Therefore, in thisconvoluting process, the data element corresponding to the newly inputdata element is generated and then output based on one or morepreviously input data elements and the newly input data element.

An initial value of “0” is set in each memory unit M of the firstconvolution unit 43. When a N-bit data sequence is input, the firstconvolution unit 43 outputs an N-bit parity data sequence, and thenoutputs a tail bit. The data length of the tail bit is, for example,equal to the number of the memory units M. In this example, it is 2.

The configuration and operation of the second convolution unit 44 arebasically the same as those of the above-described first convolutionunit 43. However, the second convolution unit 44 performs a convolutingprocess on the source data u randomized by the interleaver 42 togenerate a parity data sequence Y2 k. Since a convoluting process isconventional technology, and is well known to one of ordinary skill ofthe art, the detailed explanation is omitted here.

A first puncturing unit 45 selects each data elements of the parity datasequence Y1 k generated by the first convolution unit 43 according to apredetermined pattern, and outputs a parity data sequence Z1 k.Similarly, a second puncturing unit 46 selects data elements of theparity data sequence Y2 k generated by the second convolution unit 44according to a predetermined pattern, and outputs a parity data sequenceZ2 k. The feature of the error-correcting encoding apparatus 40 shown inFIG. 3 includes a method for selecting data elements by these puncturingunits. The method of selecting data elements is described later indetail.

The multiplexing unit 47 multiplexes the data sequence Xk received fromthe input I/F unit 41, the parity data sequence Z1 k received from thefirst puncturing unit 45, and the parity data sequence Z2 k receivedfrom the second puncturing unit 46 to output the output sequence C. Theoutput sequence C from the multiplexing unit 47 includes encoded datafor the source data u. The multiplexing unit 47 has the function ofadjusting the timing of the three input data sequences. Thus, when eachdata element of the source data u (data sequence Xk) is output, eachdata element of the parity data sequence Z1 k and Z2 k that correspondsto the data element of the source data u is output related to the dataelement of the source data.

Thus, when the source data u is input, the error-correcting encodingapparatus 40 adds the parity data sequences Z1 k and Z2 k for errorcorrection to the data sequence Xk, which is the same data sequence asthe source data u, and outputs the result.

Described below are the operations and the configurations of the firstpuncturing unit 45 and the second puncturing unit 46. In this case, itis assumed that the data length of the source data u is N bits and thedata length of the output sequence C is M bits. Thus, theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 40 has an encoding rate=N/M. Thedata lengths of the source data u and the output sequence C are, forexample, determined by the specification of a communication. Especially,the data length of the output sequence C is determined by the format ofthe frame transmitted in the communication system.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the first puncturing unit 45. Thesecond puncturing unit 46 has basically the same configuration as thefirst puncturing unit 45. A latch circuit 51 holds bit by bit the paritydata sequence Y1 k output from the first convolution unit 43. Thus, thelatch circuit 51 is updated each time a data element of the parity datasequence Y1 k is output from the first convolution unit 43. A CPU 52generates a data element of the parity data sequence Z1 k from the dataelement stored in the latch circuit 51 by executing the program storedin memory 53. The data element of the parity data sequence Z1 k istransmitted to the multiplexing unit 47 through an output port 54. Thememory 53 stores a program to be executed by the CPU 52, and apuncturing table for use by the program. The program will be describedin detail later.

FIG. 5 shows an example of a puncturing table. The puncturing tablestores selection information (puncturing pattern information) indicatingwhether or not a data element of the parity data sequence Y1 k isselected. Thus, the data length of the selection information is equal tothe data length of the output data sequence from the first convolutionunit 43. The first convolution unit 43 outputs a N-bit parity datasequence Z1 k when the data length of the source data u is N bits.Therefore, the length of the selection information is also N bits.

When the first convolution unit 43 receives the source data u, itoutputs the parity data sequence Y1 k, and then outputs a tail bit.However, the puncturing process is not performed on the tail bit. Thatis, the tail bit is transmitted to the multiplexing unit 47 withoutbeing input to the puncturing unit.

In FIG. 5, the selection information=0 indicates that a parity dataelement is not selected, and the selection information=1 indicates thatan parity data element is selected. For example, according to theselection information shown in FIG. 5, the second, fourth, fifth, . . ., the Nth data element is selected from an input data sequence. Thus,when a puncturing process is performed using the puncturing table, Y12,Y14, Y15, . . . are selected if the parity data sequences Y1 k=Y11, Y12,Y13, Y14, Y15, . . . are sequentially input.

The second puncturing unit 46 is basically the same as the firstpuncturing unit 45. The puncturing table provided in the secondpuncturing unit 46 is basically the same puncturing table provided inthe second puncturing unit 46. However, the selection informationincluded in these two tables may be the same or different.

The CPU 52 and the memory 53 shown in FIG. 4 may be shared between thefirst puncturing unit 45 and the second puncturing unit 46. Furthermore,a puncturing pattern may be prepared as selection information to beshared between the first puncturing unit 45 and the second puncturingunit 46.

Further, the puncturing table is stored in the RAM area of the memory53. Thus, selection information can be altered as necessary, enabling adesired encoding rate to be obtained. Furthermore, the data length ofthe selection information can be altered depending on the data length ofsource data or the data length of an output sequence from a convolutionunit.

Described below is a method of generating a puncturing table (that is,the method of generating selection information). It is assumed in thefollowing description, that the data length of the source data u is Nbits and the data length of the output sequence C is M bits. In thiscase, the encoding rate of R=N/M is requested. Since the data lengths ofthe tail bits respectively generated by the first convolution unit 43and the second convolution unit 44 are much shorter than the data lengthof the source data u, such bits are ignored in the followingdescription.

When the data length of the source data u is N-bits, the data lengths ofthe data sequence Xk, the parity data sequence Y1 k generated by thefirst convolution unit 43 and the parity data sequence Y2 k generated bythe second convolution unit 44 are also N-bits. Therefore, to set thedata length of the output sequence C to M bits, the following equationis true when the data lengths of the parity data sequence Z1 k and Z2 krespectively are K1 and K2.

N+K1+K2=M

The following equation is obtained if K1=K2=K.

K=(M−N)/2

(where M>N, N>K)

In this case, the first puncturing unit 45 selects K data elements fromthe parity data sequence Y1 k comprising N data elements and outputs theselected bits as the parity data sequence Z1 k. Similarly, the secondpuncturing unit 46 selects K data elements from the parity data sequenceY2 k comprising N data elements, and outputs the selected bits as theparity data sequence Z2 k.

The puncturing table is used when K data elements are selected from Ndata elements. The selection information stored in the puncturing tableindicates whether or not each data element of an input sequence isselected, as described above. Therefore, to select K data elements, Kbits in the N-bit selection information is assigned 1 (select), and theother bits are assigned 0 (not select). Described below is a practicalexample of the method of assigning “1” to K bits of the N bits.

A plurality of seed sequences kin are generated. The kin is an n-bitsequence to which k 1's are equally assigned (k=1, 2, 3, . . . ; n=1, 2,3, . . . ; and n>k). For example, a seed sequence is generated with 10defined as the maximum value of n, and 9 defined as the maximum value ofk. A part of a seed sequence is shown below, where “0” is assigned tothe leading bit of each seed sequence.

-   -   K/n= 2/7: (0001001)        -   ⅓: (001)        -   ⅜: (00100101)        -   ⅖: (00101)        -   3/7: (0010101)        -   4/9: (001010101)        -   5/9: (010101011)        -   ½: (01)        -   4/7: (0110101)        -   ⅗: (01101)        -   ⅝: (01110101)        -   ¾: (0111)        -   ⅘: (01111)        -   ⅚: (011111)

The optimum seed sequence is selected. Practically, k/n is determined ina way that the minimum value of r can be obtained by the followingequation under the condition of K/N≧k/n.

$r = {{\min \frac{K}{N}} - \frac{k}{n}}$${{where}\mspace{14mu} \frac{K}{N}} \geq \frac{k}{n}$

For example, when the data length N of the source data u is 300elements, and 155 data elements are selected from 300 data elements inthe puncturing process, ½ is obtained as kin by substituting 155/300 forKN. In this case, r=0.01666 is also obtained.

A base pattern of selection information to be written to the puncturingtable is generated used the seed sequence selected above. Practically, abase pattern having the data length of N is generated by repeating theselected seed sequence. For example, when a seed sequence of k/n=½ isselected, a 300-bit base pattern is obtained by repeating the seedsequence (01) as described in the example above.

Selection information is obtained by amending a base pattern.Practically, A=r N is first computed. Then, in the base patterndescribed above, the number of “0” corresponding to A are evenlyselected and replaced with 1's. The leading bit of the base pattern isnot replaced. For example, since A=0.166×300=5 is obtained in theexample above, five 0's are replaced with 1's in the base pattern(01010101 . . . 0101).

The pattern obtained in the above-described process is stored in thepuncturing table as selection information (puncturing patterninformation).

The puncturing tables provided in the first puncturing unit 45 and thesecond puncturing unit 46 are the same as each other in one embodimentof the present invention. However, the two tables do not have to bealways the same as each other. However, it is preferred that the numbersof 1's contained in the selection information stored in the two tablesare equal or very close to each other. When the numbers of 1's containedin the selection information are quite different from each other, a poordecoding characteristic may be obtained.

The leading bit of the selection information is set to 0 for thefollowing reason. That is, the leading bit of the selection informationindicates whether or not the leading data element of the parity datasequence Y1 k generated by the first convolution unit 43 (or the paritydata sequence Y2 k generated by the second convolution unit 44) is to beselected. The leading data element of the parity data sequence Y1 k isgenerated in the first convolution unit 43 by adding the leading dataelement of the source data u to the initial value stored in the memory Mshown in FIG. 3. However, since the initial value is generally “0”, theleading data element of the parity data sequence Y1 k is the leadingdata element of the source data u itself. That is, there is no effectsof a convoluting process. Therefore, the error correcting capabilitycannot be improved in the decoding process even if the data element ofthe parity data sequence Y1 k is selected and transmitted to a receivingdevice after assigning a “1” to the leading bit of the selectioninformation.

Therefore, according to the present invention, the error correctingcapability is improved in the decoding process by assigning 1 to theselection information to select a data element other than the leadingdata element.

Described below is the puncturing process performed using a puncturingtable. The first puncturing unit 45 refers to a puncturing table eachtime it receives a data element of the parity data sequence Y1 k, anddetermines whether or not the data element is to be selected. Theselected data element is transmitted to the multiplexing unit 47 as aparity data sequence Z1 k. On the other hand, when a data element is notselected, it is discarded without being transmitted to the multiplexingunit 47. This process is the same as the process in the secondpuncturing unit 46.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the puncturing process. This process isperformed each time the data element of the parity data sequence Ykgenerated by the convolution unit is written to the latch circuit 51.The parity data sequence Yk indicates the parity data sequence Y1 k orY2 k. In other words, the process according to this flowchart shows theoperation of the first puncturing unit 45. When Yk=Y1 k. Further, theprocess according to this flowchart shows the operation of the secondpuncturing unit 46 when Yk=Y2 k.

In step S1, a data element is obtained from the latch circuit 51. Instep S2, the counter for counting the order, in the parity data sequenceYk, of the data element written to the latch circuit 51 is incremented.The count value k corresponds to the position information about the dataelement or its sequence number. The counter is reset each time a processis completed on a set of source data.

In step S3, the puncturing table shown in FIG. 5 is checked using thecount value k of the above described counter. Thus, the selectioninformation P(k) regarding the data element written to the latch circuit51 is obtained. In step S4, it is checked whether the selectioninformation P(k) obtained in step S3 is “1” or “0”. If the selectioninformation P(k)=1, then the data element written to the latch circuit51 is transmitted to the multiplexing unit 47 through the output port 54in step S5. At this time, the count value k used when the puncturingtable is checked to is also transmitted to the multiplexing unit 47. Onthe other hand, if the selection information P(k)=0, then the dataelement written to the latch circuit 51 is discarded in step S6.

In step S7, it is checked whether or not the count value k has reachedN. If the count value K has reached N, then it is assumed that theprocess on a set of source data has been completed, and the counter isreset in step S8.

Thus, the first puncturing unit 45 and the second puncturing unit 46selects K bits from the input N-bit parity data sequence Yk and outputsthe selected bits. This selecting process is realized by the CPU 52executing the program describing the steps S1 through S8.

Table 2 shows an example of the output from the first puncturing unit 45and the second puncturing unit 46.

TABLE 2 y₁(3) y₁(4) y₁(6) y₁(9) y₂(3) y₂(4) y₂(6) y₂(9)

The output is obtained when the input source data u is 9-bit data, andboth puncturing patterns P in the first puncturing unit 45 and thesecond puncturing unit 46 are (0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1).

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing the multiplexing unit 47. Themultiplexing unit 47 includes a buffer 61 for storing the data sequenceXk, memory 62 for storing the parity data sequence Z1 k generated by thefirst puncturing unit 45, memory 63 for storing the parity data sequenceZ2 k generated by the second puncturing unit 46 and a read control unit64 for reading data elements from the memory 62,63, and outputting theread data element.

The data elements of the data sequence Xk are sequentially written tothe buffer 61. The parity data sequence Z1 k are the data elementsselected by the first puncturing unit 45. These data elements arewritten to the memory 62 corresponding to the sequence numbers. Thesequence number corresponding to each data element is, for example,indicated by the count value k of the counter described by referring toFIG. 6. In the memory 62, “valid” or “invalid” is set to indicatewhether or not a data element is written corresponding to each sequencenumber. The configuration of the memory 63 is the same as that of thememory 62.

The read control unit 64 reads a data element from the buffer 61, thememory 62, or the other memory 63 at predetermined intervals, andoutputs the selected data elements. Practically, the data element isread by repeatedly performing the following steps (1) through (4).

(1) Reading the data element having the sequence number specified by thebuffer 61.

(2) Reading the data element having the specified sequence number if itis stored in the memory 62.

(3) Reading the data element having the specified sequence number if itis stored in the memory 63.

(4) Specifying the next sequence number.

When the buffer 61, memories 62,63 are in the state shown in FIG. 7, theoutput sequence C is as follows by repeatedly performing the steps (1)through (4) above. That is, the output sequence C=(X1, X2, X3, Y23, X4,X14, Y14, Y24, X5, . . . ).

Thus, the error-correcting encoding apparatus 40 shown in FIG. 3 canchange the amount of the parity data added for error correction usingthe selection information (puncturing pattern) stored in the puncturingunit. Therefore, a desired encoding rate R can be obtained based on thesettings of the selection information.

Briefly described below is the decoding device for decoding a datasequence encoded by the error-correcting encoding apparatus 40. Variousmethods have been developed as decoding processes. However, this devicebasically decode data sequences by performing an encoding process in theinverse order.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a decoding device according to the presentinvention. It is assumed that the puncturing process is performed on theparity data sequences Y1 k, Y2 k respectively in the first puncturingunit 45 and the second puncturing unit 46 of the error-correctingencoding apparatus 40 using the same selection information. Although notshown in FIG. 8, the decoding device has the function of separating thedata sequence X and the parity data sequence Z multiplexed in theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 40.

A serial/parallel converter 71 separates the received parity datasequence Z into a parity data sequence Z1 k and a parity data sequenceZ2 k. The parity data sequences Z1 k and Z2 k are sequences generated bythe first puncturing unit 45 and the second puncturing unit 46 containedin the error-correcting encoding apparatus 40.

A first depuncturing unit (p-1) 72 and a second depuncturing unit (p-1)73 contain the same puncturing tables as the error-correcting encodingapparatus 40, and perform the depuncturing process on the parity datasequences Z1 k and Z2 k.

FIG. 9 shows an example of a depuncturing unit 72, 73 according to thepresent invention. In this example, it is assumed that the parity datasequence Z1 k=(Z11, Z12, Z13, Z14, and Z15) has been input, and thepuncturing table has stored the selection information shown in FIG. 10.Described below is the process performed by the first depuncturing unit72, which is the same as the process performed by the seconddepuncturing unit 73.

When the first depuncturing unit 72 receives the parity data sequence Z1k, it first checks the selection information corresponding to thesequence number=1 in the puncturing table. Since the selectioninformation=0 in this example, the first depuncturing unit 72 outputs a“0”. It then checks the selection information corresponding to thesequence number=2 of the puncturing table. In this case, since theselection information=1, the first depuncturing unit 72 outputs Z11,that is, the leading data element of the parity data sequence Z1 k.Similarly, the first depuncturing unit 72 outputs a “0” when theselection information=0, and sequentially outputs one by one the dataelement of the parity data sequence Z1 k, when the selectioninformation=1. As a result, the first depuncturing unit 72 outputs thefollowing data sequences.

Output sequences: (0, Z11, 0, Z12, 0, Z13, 0, Z14, Z15).

Referring back to FIG. 8, the above sequence is provided as a paritydata sequence Y1 k for a first decoder 74. Similarly, the seconddepuncturing unit 73 generates a parity data sequence Y2 k and providesit for a second decoder 75.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of the depuncturing process. In this example, adata sequence Y is generated for an input data sequence Z. The dataelements of the data sequences Z and Y are respectively represented byZi and Yk.

In step S11, the puncturing table is searched using k to obtaincorresponding selection information. In particular, selectioninformation of the kth position is obtained. In step S12, it is checkedwhether the selection information obtained in step S11 is “1” or “0”. Ifthe obtained selection information is a “1”, one of the data elements ofthe data sequence Zi is output as a data element of the data sequence Ykin step S13. Then, in step S14, I is incremented. On the other hand, ifthe obtained selection information is a “0”, then “0” is output as adata element of the data sequence Yk in step S15.

In step S16, k is then incremented. In step S17, it is checked whetheror not k has reached N, where N indicates the data length of the sourcedata. Unless k has reached N, control is returned to step S11. If k hasreached N, then k and I are reset.

Referring again to FIG. 8, the parity data sequence Y1 k generated bythe first depuncturing unit 72 is provided for the first decoder 74.Similarly, the parity data sequence Y2 k generated by the seconddepuncturing unit 73 is provided for the second decoder 75. The firstdecoder 74 decodes the data sequence Xk received using the parity datasequence Y1 k. The second decoder 75 decodes the output from the firstdecoder 74 using the parity data sequence Y2 k.

The output from the second decoder 75 is compared with a predeterminedthreshold by a determination unit 76. A deinterleaver 77 then performs adeinterleaving process (a process for performing the randomizing processby the error-correcting encoding apparatus 40 in the inverse order) onthe comparison result, and the result is output as decoded data.

The decoding process excluding the process of generating a parity datasequence can be realized using conventional technology. For example, itis described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,747. Therefore, the detailedexplanation about the decoding process is omitted here.

To improve the decoding precision, the decoding device with the abovedescribed configuration can be serially connected as shown in FIG. 11.In this case, the decoding device shown in FIG. 8 corresponds to onedecoding module. Each decoding module receives a reception data sequence(data sequence Xk to be decoded and parity data sequence (Z1 k+Z2 k)),and a predicted value (sequence T) of the data sequence from theprevious decoding module. Each decoding module also generates decodeddata S, which is a newly predicted data sequence. The newly predicteddata sequence X is then transmitted to the subsequent decoding module.

With the above-described configuration, the decoding precision can beimproved by increasing the number of serially connected decodingmodules. For example, the decoding precision of the decoded data Soutput from a decoding module 70-4 is higher than that of the decodeddata S output from the decoding module 70-1. The operation with theconfiguration is described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,747.

With the configuration shown in FIG. 11, the serial/parallel converter71, the first depuncturing unit 72, and the second depuncturing unit 73shown in FIG. 8 can be provided for the first decoding module 70-1.

Described below is the error-correcting encoding apparatus according toanother embodiment of the present invention. The conventionalerror-correcting encoding apparatus is normally assigned a fixedencoding rate. For example, with the configuration shown in FIG. 20, theencoding rate R=⅓. With the configuration shown in FIG. 21, the encodingrate ½. In the error-correcting encoding apparatus described below canuse an optional encoding rate. Especially, an optional encoding ratelower than ⅓ can be obtained.

FIG. 12 shows the difference in output between the error-correctingencoding apparatus 40 according to the present embodiment and theconventional apparatus. In the following explanation, the apparatusshown in FIG. 21 is referred to. In the conventional apparatus, asdescribed by referring to FIG. 23, 168-bit dummy data is assigned to theencoded data, for example, when the data length of the source data is666 bits while the required output data length is 1500 bits. In thiscase, the parity data used for correction of an error is 666 bits long.

In contrast, when the error-correcting encoding apparatus 40 is used,417-bit parity data sequences Z1 k,Z2 k are generated respectively fromthe 666-bit parity data sequences Y1 k,Y2 k as shown in FIG. 12. As aresult, the parity data for use in correcting an error is 834 bits long.That is, the amount of data used for error correction is larger than theamount of data used in the conventional apparatus. As a result, thepresent embodiment has a high decoding capability.

FIG. 13 shows an error-correcting encoding apparatus 80 according toanother embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 13, the interleaver42, the first convolution unit 43, the second convolution unit 44, andthe multiplexing unit 47 are the same as those shown in FIG. 3. However,FIG. 13, the input I/F unit 41 is omitted.

The error-correcting encoding apparatus 80 according to the embodimentincludes a bit duplication unit 81. The bit duplication unit 81duplicates a predetermined number of data elements in the source data uto obtain a desired encoding rate.

The operation of the bit duplication unit 81 is described below. In thefollowing descriptions, it is assumed that the data length of the sourcedata u is N bits, and the data length of the output data sequence C is Mbits. It is also assumed that M>3N. In other words, it is assumed thatan encoding rate lower than ⅓ is requested.

Assuming that the data sequence Xk is obtained by duplicating r-bits ofdata in the source data u the bit duplication unit 81, each data lengthof the data sequence Xk, the parity data sequence Y1 k, and the paritydata sequence Y2 k is “N+r”. Therefore, to set the data length of anoutput data sequence to M bits, the number of bits to be duplicated bythe bit duplication unit 81 is obtained by the following equation.

(N+r)×3=M

∴r=M/3−N

For example, assuming that the data length of the source data u is 250bits and the data length of a desired output sequence is 900 bits, R=50is obtained by substituting N=250 and M=900 in the equation above.

It is desired that the bit duplication unit 81 duplicates the dataelements of the source data u for every “constraint length+1”. Theconstraint length refers to the number of bits of data stored in thememory for a convoluting process. For example, with the configurationshown in FIG. 13, the constraint length=2. Therefore, the data elementsof the source data u are duplicated for every 3 bits.

Thus, when a data sequence whose predetermined number of data elementsare duplicated is encoded and transmitted, the precision of a decodingprocess for the subsequent data elements after the duplication of thedata elements can be improved.

FIG. 14 shows an example of the operation performed by the bitduplication unit 81. In this example, the data length of the source datau is 7 bits, the constraint length is 2, and the data length of arequested output sequence is 27 bits. In this case, two data elementsare duplicated. Furthermore, the data elements are duplicated for every3 bits. In this process, the encoding rate of the error-correctingencoding apparatus 80 is 7/27.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of the operation of the bit duplication unit 81.In this example, the source data u (u0, u1, u2, u3, . . . , ui, . . . )is input. The number of data elements to be duplicated is r.Furthermore, the data elements are duplicated for every x bits.

In step S21, the data element ui of the source data u is obtained. Inthe following descriptions, “1” is referred to as a sequence number. Instep S22, it is checked whether or not the frequency j of the bitduplication has reached “r”, that is, the number of data elements to beduplicated. The frequency j of the bit duplication indicates the numberof times the bit duplication has been performed on the source data u. Ifj>r, then it is assumed that the required frequency of the bitduplication has been performed, and the obtained data element ui isoutput as is in step S23. On the other hand, if j≦r, it is assumed thatthe bit duplication should be furthermore repeated, and control ispassed to step S24.

In step S24, it is checked whether or not the sequence number i is amultiple of x. Unless the sequence number i is a multiple of x, no bitduplication is performed and control is then passed to step S23. On theother hand, if the sequence number i is a multiple of x, then the sourcedata ui is output in steps S25 and S26. Thus, the source data ui isduplicated. In step S27, the frequency j of the bit duplication is thenincremented.

In step S28, it is checked whether or not the sequence number i hasreached N. If the sequence number i has not reached N, the sequencenumber i is incremented in step S29, and then control is passed back tostep S21 to obtain the next data element. On the other hand, if thesequence number i has reached N, this it is assumed that all dataelements of the source data has been processed in steps S21 through S29.Then, i and j are reset in step S30, thereby terminating the process.

Referring back to FIG. 13, the error-correcting encoding apparatus 80duplicates a predetermined number of data elements in the source data toobtain a desired encoding rate. In other words, a desired encoding rateis obtained by duplicating a predetermined number of data elements inthe source data. Since duplicated bits are used in the decoding process,they can reduce an error rate in a transmission path.

The decoding device for decoding a data sequence of the data encoded bythe error-correcting encoding apparatus 80 only has to perform theprocess performed the bit duplication unit 81 in the inverse order afterperforming a normal decoding process.

FIG. 16 shows the configuration of an correcting encoding apparatus 90according to a further embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 16,the interleaver 42, the first convolution unit 43, the secondconvolution unit 44, and the multiplexing unit 47 are the same as thoseshown in FIG. 3.

The error-correcting encoding apparatus 90 further includes a dummy bitinsertion unit 91. The dummy bit insertion unit 91 inserts apredetermined number of dummy bits into the source data u to obtain adesired encoding rate.

Described below is the operation of the dummy bit insertion unit 91. Inthe following description, it is assumed that the data length of thesource data u is N bits, and the data length of an output data sequenceis M bits. For example, M is larger than 3N, then a value smaller than ⅓is desired as an encoding rate.

When the dummy bit insertion unit 91 obtains a data sequence Xk byinserting r dummy bits into the source data u, the data length of thedata sequence Xk, the parity data sequence Y1 k, and the parity datasequence Y2 k is “N r”. Therefore, to set the data length of the outputdata sequence to M bits, the number of bits to be inserted by the dummybit insertion unit 91 can be obtained by the following equation.

(N+r)×3=M

∴r=M/3−N

It is desired that the dummy bit insertion unit 91 inserts dummy bitshaving the same length as the constraint length. The constraint lengthrefers to the number of bits of the data stored in the memory in theconvoluting process as described above. Therefore, with theconfiguration shown in FIG. 13, the dummy bits are inserted into thesource data u in 2-bit units.

The dummy bits can be either 1 or 0. If 1 is used as a dummy bit, andthe constraint length is 2, then 11 is inserted as dummy data. Forexample, if the data length of the source data u is 250 bits, and thedata length of a requested output sequence is 900 bits, then r=50. Thus,it is requested that 50 dummy bits are inserted into the source data u.If the constraint length is 2, ‘11’ is inserted into the source data uat 25 points. It is also desired that the dummy data is inserted asevenly distributed.

When a data sequence with a dummy bit of “1” is inserted, encoded andtransmitted, the precision of the decoding process on the subsequentdata elements after the dummy data is improved.

As described above by referring to FIGS. 22 and 23, the conventionalerror-correcting encoding apparatuses often use dummy data. However,dummy data is added to the encoded data sequences in the conventionalmethod. In contrast, the error-correcting encoding apparatus 90 insertsthe dummy bits into the source data and the source data containing thedummy bits is then encoded. Thus, the dummy data is insignificant datain the conventional method whereas the error-correcting encodingapparatus 80 uses the dummy bits as a prior probability likelihood.Therefore, these dummy bits are useful data.

FIG. 17 shows an example of an operation performed by the dummy bitinsertion unit 91. In this example, the data length of the source data uis 7 bits, the constraint length is 2, and the data length of arequested output sequence is 27 bits. In this case, the encoding rate=7/27 is realized by inserting 2-bit dummy data into the source data u.

Thus, the error-correcting encoding apparatus 90 shown in FIG. 16inserts a predetermined number of dummy bits into the source data toobtain a desired encoding rate. In other words, a desired encoding ratecan be obtained by inserting a predetermined number of dummy bits intothe source data. Since the inserted dummy bits are used in an encodingprocess, the error rate in a transmission path can be reduced.

The decoding device for decoding a data sequence encoded by theerror-correcting encoding apparatus 90 only has to have the function ofremoving dummy bits after performing a normal decoding process.

The error-correcting encoding apparatuses shown in FIGS. 3, 13, and 16are designed to have two convolution units connected in parallel witheach other. The present invention is not limited to this configuration.That is, the present invention is applicable to a device having aplurality of convolution units connected in parallel with each other.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an error-correcting encoding apparatus 100including m convolution units. Convolution units 101-1 through 101-mperform convoluting processes on source data u. Different interleaversare provided for the convolution units 101-1 through 101-m. As a result,different sequences are provided to the convolution units 101-1 through101-m.

A puncturing unit 102 selects a predetermined number of data elementsfrom the parity data sequences Y1 k through Ymk output respectively fromthe convolution units 101-1 through 101-m, and output the selectedelements. For example, when the data length of the source data u is Nbits and the data length of the output sequence C is M bits, that is,the encoding rate=N/M, the puncturing unit 102 selects the data elementsas follows. Each of the convolution units 101-1 through 101-m outputsN-bit parity data when it is assigned an N-bit sequence.

If the puncturing unit 102 selects K1 through Km data elementsrespectively from the parity data sequences Y1 k through Ymk, thefollowing equation is obtained.

N+K1+K2+K3+ . . . +Km=M

If K1=K2=K3= . . . =Km=K, then the following equation is obtained.

K=(M−N)/m

∴encoding rate R=N/M=(M−m·K)/M

(where M>N, N>K)

Thus, the encoding rate R of the error-correcting encoding apparatus canbe determined depending on the number of convolution units provided inparallel with each other, and the number of data elements to be selectedfrom an N-bit sequence.

According to the above-described embodiments, the error-correctingencoding apparatuses shown in FIGS. 3, 13 and 16 are independent fromeach other. However, they can be optionally combined with each other.For example, the input unit of the error-correcting encoding apparatus40 shown in FIG. 3 can be provided with the bit duplication unit 81shown in FIG. 13, or the dummy bit insertion unit 91 shown in FIG. 10.

The error-correcting encoding apparatus according to the above describedembodiments use systematic codes, and the configuration in which aconvoluting process is performed. However, the present invention is notlimited to this configuration. That is, the error-correcting encodingapparatus according to the present invention is not necessarily limitedby systematic codes, nor limited to the configuration including aconvolution unit.

FIG. 19 is a Nock diagram of the error-correcting encoding apparatus notlimited by systematic codes. An error-correcting encoding apparatus 110includes a plurality of encoders 111. Each encoder 111 can reduce aconvolutional code, or another block code (for example, a hamming code,a BCH code, etc.). Furthermore, an interleaver 112 is provided in such away that the sequences provided for the respective encoders 111 aredifferent from each other. As for the puncturing process and themultiplexing process, the configuration according to the above describedembodiment is used.

A desired encoding rate (information rate) is obtained in anerror-correcting encoding apparatus for encoding source data. Therefore,it is not necessary to transmit insignificant data by using thisapparatus in a communications system. As a result, the transmissionefficiency is improved and the decoding characteristic also can beimproved.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for encoding source data,comprising: a first encoder configured to encode the source data toproduce first additional data; a randomizing unit configured torandomize the source data to produce randomized data; a second encoderconfigured to encode the randomized data to produce second additionaldata; and a selector configured to select a number of bits from thefirst and second additional data to produce first selected data andsecond selected data, wherein the number of selected bits is selectedbased upon a data length of an output sequence determined by atransmission frame format, and wherein the data length of the outputsequence is variable.
 2. An apparatus for encoding source data,comprising: an encoder configured to encode the source data using aconvolutional code to produce an additional data; and a selectorconfigured to select a number of bits from the additional data toproduce selected data, wherein the number of selected bits is selectedbased upon a data length of an output sequence determined by atransmission frame format, and wherein the data length of the outputsequence is variable.
 3. An apparatus for encoding source data,comprising: a first encoder configured to encode the source data using aconvolutional code to produce first additional data; a second encoderconfigured to encode the source data using a convolutional code toproduce second additional data; and a selector configured to select anumber of bits from the first and second additional data to producefirst selected data and second selected data, wherein the number ofselected bits is selected based upon a data length of an output sequencedetermined by a transmission frame format, and wherein the data lengthof the output sequence is variable.
 4. A base station device whichtransmits and receives a signal including encoded data to and from amobile station radio, comprising: a first encoder configured to encodethe source data to be transmitted to the mobile station to produce firstadditional data; an interleaver configured to interleave the source datato produce interleaved data; a second encoder configured to encode theinterleaved data to produce second additional data; and a selectorconfigured to select a number of bits from the first and secondadditional data to produce first selected data and second selected data,wherein the number of first and second selected data is selected basedupon a data length of an output sequence determined by a transmissionframe format and wherein the data length of the output sequence isvariable.
 5. A base station device which transmits and receives a signalincluding encoded data to and from a mobile station radio, comprising:an encoder configured to encode the source data using a convolutionalcode to be transmitted to the mobile station to produce first additionaldata; and a selector configured to select a number of bits from theadditional data to produce selected data, wherein the number of selecteddata is selected based upon a data length of an output sequencedetermined by a transmission frame format and wherein the data length ofthe output sequence is variable.
 6. A base station device whichtransmits and receives a signal including encoded data to and from amobile station radio, comprising: a first encoder configured to encodethe source data using a convolutional code to be transmitted to themobile station to produce first additional data; a second encoderconfigured to encode the source data using a convolutional code toproduce second additional data; and a selector configured to select anumber of bits from the first and second additional data to producefirst selected data and second selected data, wherein the number offirst and second selected data is selected based upon a data length ofan output sequence determined by a transmission frame format and whereinthe data length of the output sequence is variable.
 7. A mobile stationdevice which transmits and receives a signal including encoded data toand from a base station, comprising: a first encoder configured toencode the source data to be transmitted to the base station to producefirst additional data; an interleaver configured to interleave thesource data to produce interleaved data; a second encoder configured toencode the interleaved data to produce second additional data; and aselector configured to select a number of bits from the first and secondadditional data to produce first selected data and second selected data,wherein the number of first and second selected data is selected basedupon a data length of an output sequence determined by a transmissionframe format and wherein the data length of the output sequence isvariable.
 8. A mobile station device which transmits and receives asignal including encoded data to and from a base station, comprising: anencoder configured to encode the source data using a convolutional codeto be transmitted to the base station to produce additional data; and aselector configured to select a number of bits from the additional datato produce selected data, wherein the number of selected data isselected based upon a data length of an output sequence determined by atransmission frame format and wherein the data length of the outputsequence is variable.
 9. A mobile station device which transmits andreceives a signal including encoded data to and from a base station,comprising: a first encoder configured to encode the source data using aconvolutional code to be transmitted to the base station to producefirst additional data; a second encoder configured to encode the sourcedata using a convolutional code to produce second additional data; and aselector configured to select a number of bits from the first and secondadditional data to produce first selected data and second selected data,wherein the number of first and second selected data is selected basedupon a data length of an output sequence determined by a transmissionframe format and wherein the data length of the output sequence isvariable.